ON ALERT IN OPERATIONS SHACK IN HUNAN, CHINA, PILOTS LISTEN TO SCRATCHY PHONOGRAPH, SHOOT THE BULLON TACTICS AND WISH FOR FLIGHT ORDERS.
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I can give you the figures on what we've done - we've destroyed over 150 enemy planes in the past few months. I can tell you what we've lost - we've lost one bomber in action, shot down in the Hong Kong raid. And we've had six fighters destroyed in action. We've had planes shot up on the ground, of course, when enemy numbers have simply wave-attacked us to exhaustion. We've had our planes come back holed and sieved by enemy anti-aircraft.We've have them com back bathed and stained in blood, and our men have died. But our planes have come back.
Strategically, the handful of planes out here has harassed the Japanese along a 5,000-mile front, hasmade such places as Canton and Hong Kong tremendous drains on the Japanese Air Force. It's unbelievable, some of theexploits we've conducted - we went over Canton one day and shot down 27 enemy fighters without losing a plane of our own. On that day we hit a Japanese supply ship hauling in assembly parts for the Zero assembly plant in Hong Kong. The Chinese told us that engines and assemblies for 500 fighters went down on the ship we sank.
It's almost funny the kind of planes we have out here. Some of our P-40's are the stuff the A.V.G. used to use.They're ancient and rickety planes by now, and nowhere else are people fighting in that kind of machine. But we are.Newer P-40's here are being used for every purpose in the world - for fighting, for reconnaissance, for dive-bombing,for level bombing, for strafing. Colonel Scott, the chief of our fighters, says that when they make the P-40's watertight,we'll use them as submarines too.
Sometimes we read in the papers from the States about the marvelous P-51's and P-47's that are just pouringoff the assembly lines. It reads good. When the war's over we expect to go back home and see them in a museum. Meanwhile everyone here makes the most of what he's got. The P-40's were outdistanced by the Zero long ago, but we got some aluminum fuel tanks to attach beneath them as auxiliaries and they work well. That's why we can fight over Hong Kongand Canton, and go on fighter sweeps into Burma.
Our bombers are okay - B-25's - the most solid, sturdy bomber ever built. The Japanese had a wobble gunin their bombers. So Captain Elmer Tarbox, one of our bomber pilots, decided we should have one too. We designedand built our own wobble gun in the tail of the B-25 and now our tail has a sting in it. That wasn't enough though;we experimented a bit more and plugged some gun muzzles in the nose of the B-25. That worked well, so now everybombardier has a gun too. We sling more lead from our formations than any other medium bomber outfit in the world.We sling it from above, behind, underneath and in front.
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You ought to see one of our formations going over the target. I've been on five raids now and I stillcan't get over that insane thrill of exultation when the flight heels over as one plane, so close we can almostspit down on our wing man, or "low Joe," and every gun on every angle is laying down a screen of fire all about us.It's suicide for the Japanese to close in on us. We always get more than our share. But the Japanese keep closing. They're the original suicide boys.
That's the Force. It's one of the most magnificently tempered instruments America has ever produced.It's a precision tool for precision bombing, as accurate as a death-dealing micrometer. But a tool is only a tool.It depends on the guy who uses it. And the man who wields that tool is General Chennault.
I don't know whether Chennault is a great strategist or not. But I think he's the greater air tacticianof this war. He's a guy who doesn't talk much, but thinks and thinks and thinks. He used to sit under the trees inChungking during the great raids of 1939 and 1940 and watch those Japanese come over day after day, and figure outjust how they could be hit and hurt. When he had it figured out, he went back and organized the A.V.G.'s and hitthem and hurt them. He figures out plane specifications on paper and translates those specifications into tactics.
He thinks in terms of what the Japanese think, and makes them jump first. He outwits them. He took thoseold P-40's of the A.V.G. and modeled his tactics to fit their specifications - the dive, the single pass, thestraight getaway, and then come in for more. Don't dogfight, don't climb under them, come in from the side. Chennaultsays that if he had the Zero in his command, he could change his tactics and fight the P-40 in the enemy's hands and come off even better than he's doing now.
Mobility, of course, is the touchstone of military genius. And mobility is our force out here. With maybeten major centers that require fighter protection, Chennault manages to have his few fighters everywhere they're neededwhenever they're needed. When you go on a party with Chennault it seems that you skip down through half the bases ofCentral China. You're in to your striking base, you hit, and then you're out again. He flicks his bomber force aroundlike you'd flick a whiplash. Flick and back, flick and back.
We start out somewhere in the mountains and hop down in the night or the early morning. The Chinese areready for us at the striking base. The dawn comes up from behind us and the hills and mountains are like cut black papersilhouetted against the growing light. Before you know it, the squadrons are gathering. The airfield is empty in themorning. Then you hear a buzz. Maybe it's Colonel Scott who usually comes in first, and he slips down onto the field with the flourishing landing he likes to assume. Then zingo, more P-40's, a few culled from each base, all of them in for the party. It's fun watching a party start. You get the old hands, the veterans of four or five months. Tex Hilland Eddie Rector, and Major Allison and Colonel Scott. And maybe four or five green kids in for the first time on a big show, standing around waiting for the bombers, listening to the big shots talk, everybody hoping like hell he canpaint a Japanese flag on his ship when the show is over. Then the heavy drone of the bombers and the big stuff comes floating in.
 Chief of fighter pilots in China was Colonel Robert Scott of Macon, Ga., a lone-wolf ace whom his men loved.Scott now commands a school for fighter tactics in Arizona. |
Nobody knows what we're going to sock except General Chennault and maybe the chief of the bombers orfighters. Chennault crouches up there under a rock ledge or in a cave on the hillside and looks at the field. Hetalks to his bomber chief and his fighter chief, all of them crouching Chinese style on their haunches in the openand nobody can overhear what they're saying. It's only when the motors are turning over that we get the final briefingthat tells us where we're going. We hit for four or five days, hit all around the compass, and then suddenly the fieldis empty again and we're back in the safe bases in the rear among the mountains, deep behind the net. The Japanesecall this guerrilla stuff, and their radio gripes like hell because we won't stay and fight. But it works, boy, how it works.
There's probably less red tape in this war area than any other under our flag. The red tape is catching upwith us now, forms we have to fill in for Washington, paper work that's beginning to accumulate. But this is the waywe work: we sit around the staff office and the bomber chief says to the fighter chief, "Let's go down next weekand tear the hell out of Hanoi." And the fighter chief says, "Can you give me four or five days till I get a few more ships in condition?" Then they get down and they really do knock the guts out of Hanoi.
Like football coaches planning plays
I get a big kick out of seeing men as young as myself organizing such spectacular demonstrations of arms.Take the squadron leader of our outfit, Lieut. Colonel Ed Basye. Basye is only 28 years old but when he takes that flight over the target he's responsible for the lives of some 70 men. He looks over the photographs the reconnaissance men bring in and picks out what he wants. he calls in Stout and they plot the target. They send up to barracks and all the boys are in the shack in an hour or so. It's like a football session. The guys crouch low on their haunches or stand around chewing gum and Ed gives them the dope - just as if he were the captain handing out the other team's trick plays and telling the boys how they are to work a spinner, who takes the ball, who does the blocking and whoreceives the pass. That football simile is one I like very much. Chennault would be the head coach. Colonel Vincentis chief of staff - he's only 28. He'd be the assistant. Butch Morgan, who is A-2 for bombardment, would be line coach.Colonel Scott, who commands the fighter group, would be backfield coach. The squadron leader is captain. The coach works out the plays on paper and talks them over with the other coaches. Then the boys work them out.
What I like, too, is the whole pictorial quality of the operations. There's the alert shack. In one end isthe operations room where Basye and the operations officer sit, and the two sergeants with the single telephone.The squadron library is there with twelve books and a half dozen ancient magazines. That's the place where the boysdo their real serious strategic bulling - where they wonder what's cooking in Burma, how to hit the Japanese, whythey missed on that last run, what the hell the score is in Libya. The alert crews are there from before dawn everymorning till after dusk. There's a phonograph in the corner and it plays and plays. The needles are old an the recordsare old and scratchy. They play mostly Bless Them All and In the Valley and a few Dinah Shore vocals.There's no classical stuff, but nobody seems to ask for any. There's no Maxine Sullivan and the boys would sure liketo hear her. Sometimes somebody back home sends records but they're invariably packed so poorly that they're smashed.There are all sorts of boxes in the shacks and a couple of torn cots; somebody is usually sleeping on them. Thereare bulletin boards all around with all sorts of new orders and standing orders, and occasionally congratulations fromGeneral Marshall or General Stilwell.
The men who write the Army regulation books would be shocked if they could see the way the China AirTask Force dresses. The boys are dressed in old sweaters and old shirts, in woolens and cottons, in any old kind of boots and sandals. Some of them wear Army sheepskins, and others wear native-cured leather jerkins to keep warm. Alot of the boys wear Chinese Army caps with the oriental visor that makes them look like peanut vendors. Some of thespick-and-span officers coming up from the rear accuse us of being dirty, filthy and unwashed. But there's no pointin shaving every day if there are no girls around, and we take baths often enough to keep us healthy.
We "sir" the men who deserve it
You don't stand up when the superior officers come in, not even for the highest brass, not even for a silver star. Once a party of winged colonels came in from the Inspector General's office. Some officious youngcaptain yelled" "Attention" and everybody snapped erect, thinking it was at least General Stilwell. There was 
Ace Albert Baumler of Bayonne, N.J. has downed German, Italian, and Jap planes.
plenty of grousing when they found it was only a colonel. We salute when we think it's important and we "sir" themen who deserve it. General Chennault is treated with the same reverence by his men that the twelve disciples gaveChrist. But he earned it. I'll bet ours is the only outfit in the world where you can find a sergeant asking hiscolonel if he can borrow the colonel's car to do a personal errand. And the colonel says yes.
Ace John Allison of Gainesville, Fla. added two bombers to score in one fight.
It's that way for the boys all day, except for the raids which give them four or five hours in the freshclean air. They play poker, red dog and cribbage. Money has absolutely no value in China. The country is soblockaded that paper money can't procure any sort of goods. The only thing you can do with it is send it home toyour folks or play poker. I know one lieutenant who has sent home over $2,000 to his wife since he's been here.In some of the poker games they ante for $1 and raise for $5, and some games ante for $1 and have no limit. Oddly enough, the enlisted men play for much higher stakes than the officers. There are a few real players among theenlisted men who fleece the sheep by about the 10th of the month, and then settle down to cut each other's throats.One fellow, a master sergeant, has banked $7,000 in winnings since the war broke out, and is worried about his income tax.
To get back to the pictorial quality of this fighting - I don't mean the great scene of battle, the moment when the bombs are dropping and the guns are firing. I mean all the other pictures of life. There's the scenewhen you stand in the doorway of the shack and watch the boys, hunched up and bundled in warm clothes, walk outacross the long field to the planes. You stand there in the shack with the phonograph playing and you see them splitinto groups of four or five, diverging across the field to the planes spread out in dispersion, and climbing in.Then you hear the motors sputter up or you see the crew sweating as they walk those propellers around. The jeep runsabout among them to find out whether or not they're ready. When they are they trundle over that taxiway like awkward docile cattle being shepherded along by the little jeep. Then the runway itself is clear for the mission and off they go, howling in full blast down the runway into the dust, up into the air, over old Baldy, our mountain landmark,over the lake and suddenly they're graceful in the air. They circle around the lake once or twice, get in formation and away they fly in terror and beauty. If you're not along on that mission, you feel confused and sad, and leftbehind.
Night fights are the most beautiful of all. The great blue arc lamp on the field makes everything a ghost scene, the planes silhouetted against them, the incandescent orange-white exhaust, the red and green wing lights they use to make formation. It's the most aesthetically satisfying thing I've seen in the past five years; and I've seeneverything from Javanese dances to Angkor-Vat at sunset. You have to see the way the red tracers light up the nightto understand beauty.
A lot of bombings take place that are not quite according to regulations. In the early days the tail gunner used to carry a sackful of small fragmentations. He was supposed to drop them when he got the signal from the turret gunner who was watching the main bomb bay. On one flight a tail gunner was kicked in the shoulder by the turret gunner, and thinking it was his signal, he released his bombs. The turret gunner was very angry - he had kicked thetail man only to have him close the hatch through which a frigid blast was blowing. But a few weeks later an intelligencereport came through congratulating the flight on the extraordinarily precise bombing of a barge load of Japanesesoldiers in the river. The bombs had dropped directly on the barge and sunk it.
War as a substitute for sex
I think maybe war is a substitute for sex. It is the only comparable release from tension. It's just that gun throbbing beneath you, or the feel of the bomb switch or the roar of the engines - it beats into you elementally with all the rhythm of life itself. Sex is a hell of a problem out here, especially on a dull week when there's nothing doing. A surprising number of the married men are continent. They just believe in being faithful. That maybe because they're in China, where syphilis is rampant and there is no companionship with English-speaking girls.
Insignia of China Air Task Force is the flying tiger of Chennault's earlier A.V.G. units, with addition ofUncle Sam's hat to show it is now part of U.S. Army Air Force.
It's the A.V.G.'s who made things difficult here for the rest of us. The A.V.G.'s were young Sir Galahadsin the air, but on the earth they were truer to the American pattern. They used to have lots of fun. Once they wentinto a Chinese play, and in the middle of it they raided the stage and carried off the leading lady. When they evacuatedRangoon, they evacuated six Burmese girls with them. They got as far as one little Burmese village and one of the boysdecided to marry his girl. According to American law, the mayor of a town has the right to perform marriage ceremonies,so they all got together and decided to elect one of their number mayor of the village. And right then and there the newly elected mayor spliced the couple. Well, what with one thing and another, the American boys here got the reputationof being just a little bit eager. Chinese parents are afraid to let their daughters go out with them.
Yet the relations between our men and the Chinese are really wonderful. You drive a jeep downtown and all the little Chinese bare-bottom kids run out yelling "Okay, okay." Our boys play with them and give them money and thekids just love them. The Chinese sentries and our boys get along perfectly. Our boys have learned two words, Tinghao and Hae. The boys like the sentries and the Chinese troops are proud as hell to be guarding our airfield.For fun, one day, one of the boys tried to get a Chinese soldier to pose with his bayonet attacking an American pilot.The Chinese was insulted. He wouldn't take any such pose. "Bu Hao," he said, "Mei-kuo shih peng-yu."(Not good. American is friend.) Our boys have learned a couple of other expressions: they know that they are Mei-kuojen and they yell that too at the Chinese sentries. The local brew is always called Chin-Pao juice(Chin-Pao means air raid alarm), whether it's yellow wine or Maotai or Kaoliang or the fierce local brewthey make down South of anisette that tastes like absinthe and leaves you with a head bigger than a cockpit.
Life in China is full of minor inconveniences. This is the end of the line of American dispersion and weget what's left. The men feel that they are forgotten. There are no magazines or books for us. It would be the easiestthing in the world to get a few copies of fresh American periodicals up here, but they never get over the Hump. One ortwo of the shipments have bothered the boys very much. There was one consignment of wave-set-oil that puzzled themconsiderably.
The food is damn good for China, but it's not what the Americans have been accustomed to. The coffee is rotten, and there is no beer. There is no American toilet paper and, as one colonel said to me: "Anybody only has to use this Chinese toilet paper once to know what we're fighting for." The boys up in China have been standing alert andon duty for eight or nine months and some of them have not had a single furlough. A man who goes out on mission day after day has to have a break from the nervous strain; and they aren't getting it. In other war areas such asLibya or India or Australia, the men get down to a big city every few months, but not in China. Nobody wants tospend the war in Delhi. But the tales of the pleasures of the Headquarters at Delhi (The Delhi Per Diem Club) filterthrough and make the boys green with envy.
"The bomb bounced out among us"
War is death, and no matter how dull, dirty or dangerous your work, death is always just around the corner.It's only in Hollywood that all our bombers return safely. Sometimes you have a narrow escape and you laugh about it for weeks. For instance, when I was coming home from the Hanoi raid, we had particularly rough weather crossing the Hump. All our bombs hadn't cleared the run, and there was one beautiful live yellow fragmentation that we didn't knowabout bouncing around in the bomb bay all the way home. When we got back to the airfield somebody just casuallypressed open the bomb-bay door, and out bounced the frag on its nose right among us. We all laughed like hell. Butthat's nothing. I imagine for every man killed in war there is at least one more who had an escape as narrow as that.There are fellows who dove planes through ack-ack with bullets passing between the back of their neck and the seatplate. There are fellows who just bent down over the bombsight and the bullets passed precisely through the pane of Plexiglas where their head was a moment before.
There are guys who have done better than that. There was one fellow who was hopped by two Zeros simultaneously. He dove out in a power dive, leveled off over a Chinese water ditch with his plane burning, stillpursued by the Zeros. His plane speed was slowing down and there was no chance of getting away. He was only about200 ft. above the ground so he jumped out of the plane, which was doing about 200 m.p.h. He landed in the water
 Anxiously searching the sky Chennault awaits return of two P-40's missing from battle that sent 29 Jap planescrashing. Colonel Cooper, Lieut. Grossclose are at left. |
They do get killed. We bury them, when we can find their bodies, in an old Chinese cemetery near themain base. That's the only occasion besides the decoration ceremonies for which the boys dress in full uniform. Itstrikes you very sharply how handsome these American boys are when you see them clinging on those rugged bumpy trucks,riding out to the ceremony all dressed in their sharpest regulation. There will be a firing squad standing beside the flag-covered coffin. While the Chaplain is reading the service there will fly overhead a perfect formation of our bombers - sinister, black and low in the shy, in perfect diamond bombing pattern, droning like the toll of doom. Then there is the volley and we all salute. And then the Chinese trumpeter, dressed in ragged puttees and soiled Chineseuniform, puts his bugle to his mouth and blows taps. It goes on a descending scale, not on an ascending peaceful scale like our own taps. It is a true dirge and very depressing.
Bomber pilots are different from pursuit pilots, I find. Bomber men are more steady, less volatile.They are usually more thickset, the kind of man who has a bay window when he matures. The pursuit pilots are thin,spare, light men. There are all kinds of pursuit men in this C.A.T.F. The greatest of them all was their commander,Colonel Robert Scott, who left just recently to take over a training field back home. He has a thick Southern accentthat gets smoky with suppressed excitement when he is angry. He is full of jokes and stories and flourishes, even inthe way he flies his plane. he is the lone-wolf type of pilot - likes to get out on his own and shoot up the fieldor break away from formation and head after that Zero in the corner which seems to be slipping away. His men arecrazy about him.
Starting over Hong Kong alone
There is Lieut. Colonel Bruce Holloway - a crazy man, a perfect leader. Holloway is the kind of fellow who goes down to Hong Kong all by himself and stunts, zooms and buzzes all over the island for 15 minutes with no oneto come up and accept his challenge. There is Grant Mahoney of California who got five on the ground in Java and thePhilippines and four in the air. He has been sweating out his fifth plane now for two months, ever since he wangled leave to go back to a combat area. He is now our outstanding reconnaissance pilot and ranges all over Asia lookingfor game. He's had no luck so far - got one steam roller when he wiped out a Japanese airport a few weeks ago. Thatrailway train bothers him when he gets tight. He complains that the train couldn't maneuver very well on those tracksto get out of his way.
There's another ace we have here who hasn't been mentioned much in dispatches but deserves all praise:that's Captain Baumler of Bayonne, N.J. "Ajax" is a real tough guy, and he's been fighting for a long time. He wasone of the American volunteers who went over and fought for Loyalist Spain. He's one of the few American pilots whohas the extraordinary pleasure of shooting down German, Italian and Japanese planes. Ajax is the kind of pursuitpilot the bombers love - he won't leave formation for anything in the world, he sticks on the tail of the bombershe's escorting, come hell or high water, and will peel off only when they're being attacked.
And I mustn't leave out Johnny Allison from that list of heroes. Allison, Scott and Baumler are our threegreat aces in this war theater. They're all griped because they are administrative men and they can't get out and fight more often.
As a group, these C.A.T.F. people are curious. The top command is almost entirely Southern. The Southernmentality I find is essentially a combat mentality and a glorious one. I never knew much of the South back home, butthe American consul here, Ludder, who comes from Massachusetts like myself says, "I don't see how the hell we ever licked them."
Men from the South and the Far West seem to do best in individual combat action. But the thing that bothers me most is the absence of the old Yankee type in this combat theater. I don't know what's become of them andit bothers me greatly because the shrewd cold Yankee mentality is one of our greatest military assets. I hope thatour New England boys are doing well in England and Africa - they must be somewhere. The only New England boy I knowof who is really turning them up is barney Barnum. Barnum isn't just one of those boys who went to Yale, he is thetypical "Yale man" - made the best clubs, rowed on the crew, and after his graduation joined the Yale Club of NewYork, of which his grandfather was a founder. Barney is a combative, aggressive man. Once he was sweating it out ata mid-China air base, trying to whip some P-40's into operative shape after they had been banged about, when there camean air alarm. Barney immediately took off in one of the planes he had patched up himself and engaged an entire flightof Japanese on his own. He broke up their entire formation and scored at least two probables. He got the DFC for thatbut Barnum says: "The hardest part of all was the fact that they came over before breakfast."
 At sound of air raid warning U.S. fighter pilots in China forget their isolation and boredom, dash for shark-faced P-40 planes and another fight to scatter invading Japs. |
I think that the lack of the New England mind in the higher ranks of the Army is a great shortcoming.What we need out here is a group of trained analysts and economists to break down the structure of Japanese economicson paper and select our strategic targets with a view to striking at the few vital cords that keep Japan's industrybound together. Hit-and-run bombing is spectacular, but concentrated economic bombing, in co-ordination with theBoard of Economic Warfare, would bring down the whole Japanese Empire sooner than anyone believes.
At present there is no great need of such an economic-intelligence general staff, for wherever the C.A.T.F.hits it is bound to hot something of vital importance. But what we need out here is a really major bombing concentration poised along the China Coast. The whole Japanese Empire is exposed to us from the rear, all its sealanes lie under our threat. If only we had a few hundred bombers here and the trained men to select their targets,we could cause the Japanese Empire to collapse of its own weight.
One thing that really irritates the men here are some of those radio broadcasts and stray magazines from America - those pages and pages of advertisements of perfumes and French patisseries and sheer silk stockings. Whee! Those columns on where you can find good eating in New York and just how Lily Bell's at 49th Street males the loveliest flaky crispy cuplets for strawberry and raspberry cream desserts turn our stomachs. But most fun is to see a picture of some society playboy at the races or at Palm Beach, dressed in gray woven-wool sports suit with a gray tie with light blue dots.
The commentators on the radio amuse us too - they always know everything. We get out and bomb Hong Kongand they tell us the strategic implications of it; the typewriter generals stink to high heaven out here. But thekind we hate worst of all is the guy who comes in over the air with a smoky reassuring voice telling us all thatif only we can trade "plane for plane and man for man" with the Japanese, we will win because our capacity forreplenishment is greater than theirs. They ought to see what it means to sweat a single replenishment over the Hump to China - and they ought to meet one of two of the guys whom they want to trade off man for man. We definitelydon't like this man-for-man stuff.
Chinese soldier guards American P-40's. Chennault can operate with half the usual ground personnel becauseChinese service planes, do the dirty work.